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Hundreds of miles to the eastward of the islands called New Siberia is another group called Bear Islands. Here the same condition of abundant fossil remains exists.
Ferdinand Petrovitch von Wrangel, a Russian explorer, was Howarth's authority for saying: "The soil of Bear Island consists only of sand and ice, with such quantity of mammoth bones that they seem to form the chief substance of the island." Found with the bones of the mammoth were also many bones of the bison. "The sea off the north coast of Siberia ,and about the islands, is very shallow, especially the mudbanks barely protruding above the surface of the sea." Whenever there is a storm, says Howarth, fresh supplies of bones are left exposed on these mudbanks. This fact indicates that the strata forming the bottom of the sea off the coast of Siberia is also full of fossils.
"Turning from the islands to the mainland of Siberia, we found the same situation to exist, no matter where we went. The whole coast line has elephant remains embedded in the strata of the shore. The Arctic coast of Siberia is covered nearly all the year round with ice cliffs caused by the freezing of the ocean spray, but wherever the actual shore is exposed beneath the ice cliffs, bones are seen to be plentifullly embedded in the earth. Thus the fossiliferous conditions continue as one works his way inland from the ocean into the vast level interior of Siberia."
Siberia being generally level, it is, as a rule, only where the rivers have cut their way through the plain, thus exposing the interior of the earth, that what is hidden there has been discovered. But without exception wherever these rivers are, bones of elephants, rhinoceroses, horses, cattle, sheep, and other quadrupeds are found to be entombed in enormous quantities.
"Mammoths are also found in great abundance in the gravels of the Ural Mountains, in the caverns of the Altai, and elsewhere in Asia. South of Siberia, in the zone stretching from Armenia through Turkestan and China to Japan, in Asia Minor, and Syria, elephants' remains have occurred in sporadic localities. Siberia, where the mammoth has been found in greatest abundance, consists of two distinct zones, one a southerly zone, occupied largely by forests and with a more or less broken and mountainous contour; and the other, a northern one, where forest will not grow and where the immense flat wastes are covered with moss and are known as tundras. Beyond these are small islands, in the Polar Sea, in which even more sterile conditions prevail. The remains of the mammoth and its companions occur abundantly in both zones.
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Brien